Anaerobic - not containing oxygen or not requiring oxygen.
Creatinine - a byproduct routinely expelled through the kidneys. The quantity of this body waste in blood and urine can show whether the kidneys are functioning properly
Intense Sweeteners - refer to Low-Calorie Sweeteners
Hydration - the quantity of liquid in the body. It is important to ingest a minimum of 4 pints of water during the day. Additional quantities might be required to replace any liquid the body loses in sweat during physical activity.
Obesity Surgery Center - a medical facility specializing in surgical and other procedures for obese patients.
Orlistat - also called and marketed as Xenical, a drug designed to treat obesity. It reduces the amount of fat the body absorbs. It acts by blocking pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that begins digesting fat in the intestine. In the absence of this enzyme, the fat in food is not digested, but purged from the body through excretion. In addition, this drug prevents the body from assimilating certain fat-soluble vitamins and beta carotene. Patients must take a vitamin supplement that contains fat soluble (A, D, E, and K) vitamins and beta carotene. The most prevalent side-effects of orlistat are flatulence along with some anal leakage, fecal urgency, oily/fatty stools, and repeated bowel movements.
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) - a form of cholesterol. It is formed from VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) particles, which circulate in the bloodstream. Commonly called `bad cholesterol`, LDL carries cholesterol to the cells of the body. High levels of LDL are most plainly linked with arteriosclerosis (hardening and thickening of the arterial walls) and augment the health risk of heart complications. An LDL that is less than 100 mg/dL is considered best, 100 - 120 milligrams per deciliter of blood is considered borderline or above the recommended levels, 130-159 mg/dl is said to be verging on high, 160 to 189 mg/dL is considered high, and 190 mg/dl or more is said to be abnormally high.
Individual Beliefs - overt and covert personal principles, which mould people`s choices in life (eating and otherwise).
Intensity - the amount of energy the body expends during physical activity. In general, the faster the heartbeat (that is, the higher the heart rate) the more exacting or intense the activity.
Cellulite - the `cottage-cheese` bumps and dimples on the skin, generally around the thighs and buttocks.
Plants manufacture and store carbohydrates as their primary source of energy. The simple sugar (glucose) manufactured in the foliage is used as the building block to create more complex forms of carbohydrates. The grouping of carbohydrates relates to the essential structural component of their living cells: saccharides. The primary monosaccharides (simple carbohydrates) that occur in food are glucose (also called dextrose) and fructose. Three common disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides of interest in nutrition are starch, dextrin, glycogen, and cellulose.
Lignans - a type of phytoestrogen present in flax, rye, and pumpkin seeds, broccoli, and some berries, which may provide the health benefits of lowering LDL cholesterol, overall cholesterol levels and fats, thus providing a measure of protection against heart ailments and certain malignancies.
Barbell - a long bar having circular weights affixed to both ends. Used in weightlifting, where it requires the use of both hands.
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) - the quantity of energy and given nutrients deemed satisfactory to match the dietary needs of nearly all healthy people.
Abductors - muscles of the inner thigh that draw the legs together. They link the pelvis and the femur (or thigh bone). This muscle group is exercised when one is inline skating, skiing or doing the frog kick during a breaststroke (in which the knees are drawn up close to the hips and the feet are thrust outward and backward so that the legs come together when fully extended).
Cancer - any malignant growth caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. In `05, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee stated `the evidence between total fat intake and certain cancers is suggestive but not conclusive`. Research data imply that diets with inadequate amounts of calcium and folates and high in total fat, calories, meat, and alcohol are linked to an increased probability of developing cancer of the colon and/or rectum. The data also states that dietary fat from animal sources may be connected to a greater probability of prostate cancer. Current research provides some evidence that dietary fat intake in general does not seem to be linked to the danger of breast cancer (malignancy in the breast tissue, usually in females). One of the questions that still has to be addressed is whether the reported links between a fat-rich diet and the probability for developing cancer are correlated with the quantity of fats, or can be directly linked to the type of fatty acid (that component of fats which is used by the body for energy and tissue development), or whether such association is connected with some unidentified factor in food. Analyzing the association between cancer and specific kinds of fats is a significant focus of current research.
Plateau - reaching a level or duration of stability. People who have been following a diet could be considered to plateau when they have lost weight to the extent that that their present, lower metabolic demands are equal to their calorie consumption.
Weight-Loss Surgery - generic term to describe surgical procedures to treat and control obesity. Surgical manipulation of the gastrointestinal tract is the ideal choice for those persons who are severely overweight and are unable to shed excess pounds through traditional practices or those who are afflicted with life-threatening medical problems that are connected to their obesity. The operation encourages loss of weight by limiting the quantity of food that can be ingested and, in certain operations, impairing the digestion of food intake. However, the most satisfactory results are attained through sensible eating practices that are conducive to good health and getting enough exercise on a regular basis. (Also refer to `vertical banded gastroplasty or VBG` and `bariatric surgery`.)
Oils - triglycerides which are liquid at room temperature. Oils are commonly included in the overall classification of `fat`, despite the fact that, strictly speaking, fats are triglycerides that remain solid at room temperature.
Aerobic - literally, `with oxygen`.
Proanthocyanidins - a type of tannin present in cranberries and cranberry products, as well as cocoa and chocolate, which may supply the health advantages of preventing urinary tract infections and of decreasing the health risk of coronary heart disease.
Crunch - abdominal exercise designed to target only the abdominals while, at the same time, eliminating undesirable movement from the iliopsoas (hip flexors) and decreasing the danger of stress on the lower back. This abdominal exercise, which is performed while lying on the back with knees bent and curling the shoulders up toward the pelvis, is the preferred workout for abdominal training over sit-ups.
