Spinning - a form of exercise that utilizes an immovable bike
in order to imitate a real outdoor biking experience. Computers are not attached to this indoor cycle, and the device has a fixed gear, racing handlebars, pedals with clips or cages, and a seat which can be adjusted, up and down, fore and aft. Each spinner also is equipped with a resistance knob that the rider can adjust to set the intensity of every exercise session.
Body Wrap - a health and beauty treatment that assists in taking off inches, enhancing body size, shape, and contour and also in revitalizing the skin. It entails encasing the body in a variety of bandages, which are saturated with specific preparations. The wrap is applied to the specific areas of concern and it helps in slimming and dispersing the toxins which cause `cottage cheese` skin or cellulite.
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) - a part of the National Nutrition Monitoring System that was the first survey of dietary intake to be carried out across the USA each year. The survey is conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Diabetes Mellitus - a metabolic disease that occurs when the body is not able to use blood glucose (sugar). Blood sugar levels are controlled by insulin, a hormone that conveys glucose to muscles and tissues of the body where it is used for energy. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to make insulin or the body`s metabolism cannot respond properly to the insulin that is made. There are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus - type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Polyphagia - abnormal hunger; a sign of diabetes. Individuals who experience this overpowering craving for food frequently lose weight.
Calorie Expenditure - the quantity of energy the body expends to perform all physical and metabolic activities.
Ascorbic Acid - also called Vitamin C, it is essential in building collagen (the protein that makes up the connective tissues of the skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments). Vitamin C promotes the synthesis of new cells to heal wounds and scar tissue and it`s an antioxidant, which keeps free radicals from adhering to neighboring molecules to form damaging compounds that might attack tissue. Vitamin C is essential to proper immune system function, builds resistance to disease and infections, decreases the severity of allergic responses and contributes to the synthesis of hormones and other body chemicals. Vitamin C is found in fresh fruit like lemons, oranges, grapefruit, mandarins, and strawberries as well as in vegetables like green peppers.
Risk Complications - the potential side-effects of a medical therapy. With reference to bariatric (obesity) surgery, risk-complications entail (along with other possible side effects) dumping syndrome, nausea, indigestion, vomiting, and gastrointestinal leak (when stomach juices seep into the abdominal cavity).
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) - the level of exertion individuals believe they are putting into an activity (including increased heart rate, increased respiration or breathing rate, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue). The Borg scale is a scoring scale, which helps people explain how hard they feel they are working by matching a numeric value from 6 right up to 20. Numbers that are lower down on the scale signify a modest level of effort, and higher numbers denote that the body is working harder.
Cross Training - including two or more dissimilar aerobic activities into one`s regular exercise routine to prevent chronic injuries to muscles and tissues and to prevent boredom. Three of the most common cross-training activities, which work out different groups of muscles, are running, swimming, and cycling.
LapBand - a hollow, adjustable plastic ring placed around an obese individual`s stomach. It functions to limit the amount of food that can enter the stomach, and also to regulate how much food is moved to the small intestine.
Anaerobic - without the need for oxygen.
Natural Toxins - a naturally occurring substance (for instance, sometimes produced by disease-causing bacteria), which is lethal to certain other animate organisms.
Capillary - the most minute of the blood vessels connecting the arteries and the veins.
Trans Fatty Acids - hydrogenated fats. Hydrogenation, discovered in the early 20th century, is the chemical process of adding hydrogen molecules directly to unsaturated fats like those found in vegetable oils. Oils that have been hydrogenated add important stability and textural qualities to food. The firmness and spreadability of margarines, lightness in the layers of pastry used in pies, smooth and rich texture of puddings, and crispy coating of French fries are attributes provided by the constituents of trans fats. During partial hydrogenation, a few hydrogen atoms are transferred from the same side to the opposite side of a double bond, producing yet another pattern of fatty acids, referred to as `trans`, which means `opposite`. The trans fat component of partially hydrogenated oils may be very different, according to the degree of hydrogenation employed and the volume used in that specific product. For instance, the amount of trans fat in a product that has lightly hydrogenated vegetable oils listed low in the ingredient list can be insignificant in terms of nutrition. When vegetable or other oil is shown in the listed ingredients as `hydrogenated`, this denotes that it has been completely hydrogenated, in other words, totally saturated with hydrogen atoms, thereby producing a saturated fatty acid in which trans fats are not an ingredient. Trans fatty acids are an organic component of beef, lamb, and dairy products. Nevertheless, the primary trans fat sources in the dietary intake of Americans are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which are found in food products like baked goods (cookies, pastries, crackers) and fried foods. The National Academy of Sciences` Institute of Medicine lately determined that trans fatty acids have much in common with saturated fats (from animal sources) and dietary cholesterol in terms of their effect on blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Furthermore, a number of research studies indicate that a larger consumption of trans fats may decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The mean trans fatty acid consumption within the US is 2.6 percent of total caloric intake, compared with 12% of total calories consumed from saturated fats.
Low-calorie Sweeteners - sweeteners that give a sweet taste and yet have very few calories or no calories at all. These are sweeteners that provide no nutrition, also referred to as `intense sweeteners`. These sweeteners can take the place of nutritive sweeteners in almost every kind of food at a caloric savings of about 16 calories for each teaspoon. Thus, a considerable number of calories could be saved when low-calorie sweetened foods and beverages are substituted for their full-calorie counterparts. Prior to being authorized by the FDA for use in the United States, non-nutritive sweeteners are mandatorily put through rigorous safety testing. All FDA-approved low-calorie sweeteners must comply with same standards of safety. These low-calorie sweeteners may be safely ingested by children or pregnant women. The 6 intense, low-calorie sweeteners currently approved for use within the USA are acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), aspartame, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, and tagatose. The FDA is examining requests to authorize additional low-calorie, intense sweetening agents for use within the U.S. food supply: alitame and cyclamate. Both have been authorized for use in numerous other nations.
Calorie - the amount of thermal energy in food needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water at a standard starting temperature by 1 C (one degree Celsius). Calories are now replaced by kilojoules: 1 calorie equals 4.2 kilojoules. Foods consist of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Certain drinks have alcohol. Carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram. Proteins have 16.8 kilojoules (4 calories) per gram. Alcohol contains 7 calories per gram. Fat contains 9 calories per gram.
Post-Exercise Energy Consumption - the continuing higher (above resting) numbers of calories being used up when the body is recovering after a physical activity or workout. During the recovery phase, calories are burned for muscle and tissue repair and oxygen replacement in muscles.
