Individual Beliefs - conscious and subconscious personal tenets
that drive people`s decisions (eating and otherwise).
Set - the number of repetitions of a movement, such as an arm curl or a squat. Squatting (by assuming a crouching position with the knees bent and then assuming an upright posture) or doing a bicep curl (lifting a barbell to shoulder height to work the biceps) is one repetition. Doing that 8 times would be one set.
Counseling - expert guidance provided by professional counselors in specific areas.
Ballistic Stretching - dynamic muscular movements, such as bouncing, to extend the stretch further. Can result in muscle tears and soreness and isn`t advisable.
Allergy (food allergy) - a negative reaction that occurs when the immune system responds defensively to an (otherwise harmless) specific food protein. To avoid confusion with other kinds of adverse reactions to food substances, it is essential to employ the terms `food hypersensitivity` or `food allergy` only when the reaction involves the immune system.
Health Claims - claims that associate food - or ingredients in food - in the overall diet with a lowered health-risk of certain ongoing or recurrent medical problems. Stringently enforced by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), only health claims confirmed by scientific evidence are allowed on food labels. As this information is non-compulsory, a number of food products that meet the criteria do not include any health claim on their labels.
Dawn Phenomenon - a sudden surge in blood sugar (glucose) levels in the early hours of the morning. This occasionally happens in individuals who have insulin-dependent diabetes and rarely in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Blood Sugar - also known as serum glucose level, refers to simple sugar in the bloodstream.
Crustacean - aquatic arthropods belonging the aquatic class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles. They characteristically have segmented bodies, hard exoskeletons and paired and jointed appendages on each body segment.
Post-Exercise Energy Consumption - the continued elevated (that is, more than when at rest) numbers of calories that are metabolized due to recovery from any physical exertion. During the recovery phase, calories are burned to replace oxygen levels in muscles and repair the wear and tear on muscles and tissues.
Duodenal Switch - also called the biliopancreatic diversion or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. This is a form of surgical procedure for morbid obesity, where surgeons 1). divide an overweight patient`s stomach into a slender, vertical pouch and 2). re-route the small intestine to effect malabsorption.
Type 2 Diabetes - earlier known as `noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)` or called `adult-onset diabetes`. Type II diabetes is the most widespread kind of diabetes. Approximately 90-95% of individuals who have diabetes have Type 2 diabetes. Individuals who have Type 2 diabetes produce insulin, but either do not produce insulin in adequate enough amounts or their bodies do not react to the insulin they secrete. Most of the people with this kind of diabetes are overweight. Insulin is present, but is unable to work adequately. Consequently, individuals who have Type 2 diabetes might have the means to manage their medical condition by going on a diet-and- exercise program to lose weight. Such people might also have to take insulin injections or take oral medication along with adhering to a healthy program of diet and exercise. Even though Type II diabetes commonly occurs in adults who are over 30 years old, a growing number of youngsters and teenagers who weigh more than their ideal weight are also developing type 2 diabetes.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) - a quality-based methodology used in the food sector to pinpoint potential food safety risks. The fundamental policy under HACCP to prevent foodborne illnesses and to promote high quality standards is to isolate the red-zone areas and endeavor to circumvent them. Rather than making it a federal responsibility to identify that a food safety problem exists, HACCP shifts responsibility onto the food sector to make certain that the foods it manufactures are free of pollutants. Food manufacturers will have to prevent bacterial contamination from occurring in the first place. HACCP ensures food quality through these objectives: Be familiar with the likely health hazards for consumers concerning a given product; Recognize the crucial milestones in the food-processing cycle (CCPs or `critical control points`) during which the health-hazards could occur; Establish security measures to forestall the health risk from taking place; Track procedures and ensure the safety measures are being implemented; Arrange a suitable resolution if tracking and monitoring indicates any cause for concern; Arrange systematic logs to document the supervisory actions and how issues were addressed; Corroborate that the integrated system is functioning smoothly.
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes - occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin at all, causing excessive blood sugar levels. Also referred to as `Type 1 Diabetes`.
Ascorbic Acid - also called Vitamin C, it is essential in building collagen (the protein that makes up the connective tissues of the skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments). Ascorbic acid encourages the manufacture of new cells to heal wounds and scar tissue and it is an antioxidant that keeps free radicals from adhering to neighboring molecules to form compounds that could damage important cellular molecules (such as DNA or lipids or other parts of the cell). Ascorbic Acid protects the immune system, builds resistance to disease and infections, decreases the impact of allergic reactions and is involved in the generation of hormones and several other body chemicals and neurotransmitters. Green peppers, broccoli, citrus fruits, tomatoes, strawberries, and many other fresh fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamin C.
Biological Controls (Biocontrols) - an integrated pest control system, which incorporates the use of living organisms to lower the risk of pest infestation. This form of pest control entails utilizing useful or predatory insect species, like ladybugs or parasitic wasps to reduce the spread of pests and bugs that cause the widespread destruction of cultivated crops.
Type 1 Diabetes - previously referred to as `insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)` or referred to as `juvenile diabetes`. Type I diabetes is a chronic medical condition that a patient has to endure throughout life and where the pancreas quits secreting insulin. In the absence of this enzyme, the body cannot use glucose (blood sugar) to generate energy. For treatment of this medical problem, a person is required to inject insulin, adhere to a scheduled diet, exercise daily, and test blood glucose levels at regular intervals throughout the day. Type I diabetes usually begins before the age of 30.
Cardiovascular - relating to the heart and blood vessels as a unified system in the body: heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular).
Alternatives to Trans Fats in the Food Supply - the findings of fatty acid research, regarding both health and functionality, will probably have practicable relevance for food researchers. Scientists continue to look for ways to provide trans fatty acid (or `trans fat`) alternatives to make it more convenient for customers to follow guidelines issued by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Trans fat alternatives are required to have the identical measurable properties, for example consistency, crunchiness, appearance, and stability of the food item that is substituted, while additionally staying affordable and abundant for use. The true test is in bringing to consumers satisfactory alternatives that include these functional food properties that are lower in or free of trans fats, and also are lower in saturated fats. To help consumers control blood cholesterol levels, margarines containing no trans fatty acids are now available for purchase, and some margarines additionally contain beneficial plant sterols. For more knowledge about plant sterols, look at the Functional Foods section of at IFIC.org. The increasing research on dietary fats offers a very promising opportunity for nutrition scientists as well as food scientists to work in concert to deliver nutrition and dietary suggestions that nurture health, as well as food products that comply with those suggestions.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) - a high energy phosphate molecule that contributes to the producing and storing energy. This is the chemical that is converted by the body into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) so the body can use it for energy.
Polyuria - excessive excretion of urine.
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